Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) Nootropic Review: Benefits, Side Effects & Dosage

https://nootropicology.com/palmitoylethanolamide-pea/

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a unique nootropic that can help people with ADHD, anxiety disorders, and depression. It has also been shown to improve memory in animal studies.

What is Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)?

Palmitoylethanolamide, or PEA, is made in the body naturally to alleviate pain and inflammation. Many plants and animals also synthesize PEA like:

- Soy lecithin
- Soybeans
- Egg yolk
- Peanuts

... and alfalfa are all high producers of PEA.

Since its discovery in the 1950s, scientists have been interested in PEA. It has potential as a pain reliever, but there is a lack of large-scale safety and efficacy data.

Nonetheless, PEA has also been found to have anti-inflammatory properties, which is why it's often used in supplements for people who are diagnosed with arthritis or other inflammatory conditions.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has also been found to work on the cannabinoid receptors in the brain, which is why it has become increasingly popular in the biohacking-sphere.

The fact that Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been shown to work on the cannabinoid receptors, is the reason for its anxiolytic, antidepressant, and cognitive effects.

Palmitoylethanolamide's Mechanism of Action

PEA activates the energy-boosting, fat-burning, and anti-inflammatory PPAR alpha.

PEA inhibits pro-inflammatory genes and the synthesis of numerous inflammatory chemicals by activating this important protein.

PEA activates the bliss gene, FAAH, which degrades natural anandamide.

This results in increased amounts of soothing anandamide in your system, allowing you to relax and feel better.

It may also activate cannabinoid receptors (CB2 and CB1).

The palmitic acid in PEA might be the basis for its synthesis. The body's starting point for PEA production is saturated fatty acids.

It has also been claimed that consuming extra palmitic acid or other dietary fats will not boost PEA creation in the body. This is because your body only uses PEA when it is needed to relieve inflammation or pain, and its levels vary considerably throughout the day.

The most effective approach to get PEA's advantages is to use standardized supplements or PEA-rich meals, according to researchers.

Their idea remains in the realm of hypothesis at this time.

Benefits of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)

One study found that PEA can reduce chronic neuropathic pain by influencing neurotransmitter signaling.

This is mainly due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which help with managing inflammatory conditions like arthritis and other diseases.

It can also be used as a supplement for people who are dealing with symptoms of depression or anxiety.

PEA has also been shown to improve memory, learning, and brain processing in animals.

It may do this by increasing the release of dopamine from neurons involved in cognition-related processes like motivation and attentional control.

This is why it has become increasingly popular for people who take Nootropics and want to improve their focus and attention spans.

PEA's effects on these neural circuits resemble those of conventional ADHD medications.

PEA has also been shown to be effective in analgesic in rats.

It was found to work on the mu-opioid receptor, which is thought to be responsible for its painkilling effects.

At this time, there isn't enough research to determine whether it has similar effects in humans.

Many other benefits of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) are just beginning to be discovered.

Let's take a closer look at each benefit below...

Pain Relief

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic effects.

It has been used in different types of pain management, including nerve and muscle aches.

This may be due to its ability to influence neurotransmitter signaling at the spinal level by activating descending inhibitory pathways that block the transmission of pain signals.

PEA also reduces chronic neuropathic pain by influencing neurotransmitter signaling.

It does this primarily through its anti-inflammatory properties, which are beneficial for managing inflammatory conditions like arthritis and other diseases.

Brain Health and Regeneration

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) may even be able to promote the growth of new neurons.

It can do this by activating PPAR alpha, which is a protein that encourages cell differentiation and regeneration in different parts of your body.

This also makes it useful for people who want to improve their memory or reduce cognitive decline.

PEA has been shown to have a positive effect on cognitive abilities in animals with dementia-like symptoms from neurodegenerative disorders or brain injury.

This is thought to be due to its ability to improve memory, learning, and the processing of stimuli by increasing dopamine output from neurons involved in cognition-related processes like motivation and attentional control.

PEA's effect on these neural circuits is similar to the effects of conventional ADHD medications.

Hormone Regulation

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) also regulates many hormones in your body.

It can do this by either increasing or decreasing the production of certain hormones, depending on what is needed for a given situation.

For example, it has been shown to reduce cortisol levels when they are elevated due to stress and fatigue.

This means that PEA may help improve sleep quality and provide energy to deal with stress.

On the other hand, it increases insulin production in diabetics who have hyperglycemia by reducing glucagon levels.

This makes PEA useful for people who are dealing with diabetes or hypoglycemia.

Symptoms of Depression And Anxiety

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been studied for its mood-elevating effects in animals.

It works by neurotransmitter signaling to activate the release of serotonin, dopamine, and GABA.

The inhibition of these chemicals is thought to be responsible for feelings of depression or anxiety which makes PEA useful as a treatment for depression and anxiety.

One study found that PEA improved symptoms of depression in mice treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

This is why more research on Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) as an anti-depressant medication has been called for by many people who are dealing with depression.

Overall, Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a very promising nootropic compound that has many positive health benefits for improving quality of life.

Side Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)

Some people have reported that they experience mild side effects when taking PEA supplements or consuming high-fat meals with lots of palmitic acids, like indigestion and nausea.

Other side effects include:

- Muscle twitches and cramps
- Drowsiness or fatigue
- Loss of appetite

These side effects might be due to PEA's ability to activate the energy-boosting PPAR alpha protein in the body, which may also be responsible for its anti-inflammatory effects.

If you want to minimize your risk of experiencing side effects, it's best to take PEA supplements that are standardized for their active ingredient and remember to consume electrolytes.

The best way to take Palmitoylethanolamide

Palmitoylethanolamide is a fatty acid derivative.

Because it takes some time for Palmitoylethanolamide to build up in our bodies, certain effects may not be apparent right away.

The pain-relieving benefits of PEA are the most time-sensitive of its effects.

However, don't be discouraged, since many individuals have had excellent results with PEA after supplementing it for 2-4 weeks.

This implies that if you want to get the most out of Palmitoylethanolamide, you must take it regularly.

When it comes to dosage, the standard dose for Palmitoylethanolamide is 400 mg-800mg, twice a day.

To maximize absorption, you should time your supplement intake with meals that contain dietary fats.

In Summary

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a fatty acid derivative that has been studied for its mood-elevating effects in animals.

It works by neurotransmitter signaling to activate the release of serotonin, dopamine, and GABA.

The inhibition of these chemicals is thought to be responsible for feelings of depression or anxiety which makes PEA useful as a treatment for depression and anxiety.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is best taken regularly and at a dose of 400-800 mg, twice per day.

Finally, remember to take PEA supplements with meals that contain dietary fats for maximum absorption.

Grover Furr on the big lies about Joseph Stalin

American professor Grover Furr talks about his book Trotsky’s “Amalgams.” Trotsky's Lies, The Moscow Trials As Evidence, The Dewey Commission.

Grover Carr Furr III (born April 3, 1944) is an American professor of Medieval English literature at Montclair State University, best known for his books on Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union. He has published many books on this subject.

Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley – UNESCO World Heritage Centre

https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/208

The cultural landscape and archaeological remains of the Bamiyan Valley represent the artistic and religious developments which from the 1st to the 13th centuries characterized ancient Bakhtria, integrating various cultural influences into the Gandhara school of Buddhist art. The area contains numerous Buddhist monastic ensembles and sanctuaries, as well as fortified edifices from the Islamic period. The site is also testimony to the tragic destruction by the Taliban of the two standing Buddha statues, which shook the world in March 2001.

Brief synthesis

Enclosed between the high mountains of the Hindu Kush in the central highlands of Afghanistan, the Bamiyan Valley opens out into a large basin bordered to the north by a long, high stretch of rocky cliffs. The Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley comprise a serial property consisting of eight separate sites within the Valley and its tributaries. Carved into the Bamiyan Cliffs are the two niches of the giant Buddha statues (55m and 38m high) destroyed by the Taliban in 2001, and numerous caves forming a large ensemble of Buddhist monasteries, chapels and sanctuaries along the foothills of the valley dating from the 3rd to the 5th century C.E. In several of the caves and niches, often linked by galleries, there are remains of wall paintings and seated Buddha figures. In the valleys of the Bamiyan's tributaries are further groups of caves including the Kakrak Valley Caves, some 3km south-east of the Bamiyan Cliffs where among the more than one hundred caves dating from the 6th to 13th centuries are fragments of a 10m tall standing Buddha figure and a sanctuary with painted decorations from the Sasanian period. Along the Fuladi valley around 2km southwest of the Bamiyan Cliffs are the caves of Qoul-i Akram and Lalai Ghami, also containing decorative features.

Punctuating the centre of the valley basin to the south of the great cliff are the remains of the fortress of Shahr-i Ghulghulah. Dating from the 6th to 10th centuries CE, this marks the original settlement of Bamiyan as stopping place on the branch of the Silk Route, which linked China and India via ancient Bactria. Further to the east along the Bamiyan Valley are the remains of fortification walls and settlements, dating from the 6th to 8th centuries at Qallai Kaphari A and B and further east still (around 15km east of the Bamiyan Cliffs) at Shahr-i Zuhak, where the earlier remains are overlaid by developments of the 10th to 13th centuries under the rule of the Islamic Ghaznavid and Ghorid dynasties.

The Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley represent the artistic and religious developments which from the 1st to the 13th centuries characterised ancient Bactria, integrating various cultural influences into the Gandharan school of Buddhist art. The numerous Buddhist monastic ensembles and sanctuaries, as well as fortified structures from the Islamic period, testify to the interchange of Indian, Hellenistic, Roman, Sasanian and Islamic influences. The site is also testimony to recurring reactions to iconic art, the most recent being the internationally condemned deliberate destruction of the two standing Buddha statues in March 2001.

Criterion (i): The Buddha statues and the cave art in Bamiyan Valley are an outstanding representation of the Gandharan school in Buddhist art in the Central Asian region.

Criterion (ii):The artistic and architectural remains of Bamiyan Valley, an important Buddhist centre on the Silk Road, are an exceptional testimony to the interchange of Indian, Hellenistic, Roman and Sasanian influences as the basis for the development of a particular artistic expression in the Gandharan school. To this can be added the Islamic influence in a later period.

Criterion (iii):The Bamiyan Valley bears an exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition in the Central Asian region, which has disappeared.

Criterion (iv): The Bamiyan Valley is an outstanding example of a cultural landscape which illustrates a significant period in Buddhism.

Criterion (vi): The Bamiyan Valley is the most monumental expression of the western Buddhism. It was an important centre of pilgrimage over many centuries. Due to their symbolic values, the monuments have suffered at different times of their existence, including the deliberate destruction in 2001, which shook the whole world.

Integrity

The heritage resources in Bamiyan Valley have suffered from various disasters and some parts are in a fragile state. A major loss to the integrity of the site was the destruction of the large Buddha statues in 2001. However, a significant proportion of all the attributes that express the Outstanding Universal Value of the site, such as Buddhist and Islamic architectural forms and their setting in the Bamiyan landscape, remain intact at all 8 sites within the boundaries, including the vast Buddhist monastery in the Bamiyan Cliffs which contained the two colossal sculptures of the Buddha. 

Authenticity

The cultural landscape and archaeological remains of the Bamiyan Valley continue to testify to the different cultural phases of its history. Seen as a cultural landscape, the Bamiyan Valley, with its artistic and architectural remains, the traditional land use and the simple mud brick constructions continues to express its Outstanding Universal Value in terms of form and materials, location and setting,  but may be vulnerable in the face of development and requires careful conservation and management.

Protection and management requirements

The monuments and archaeological remains of the Bamiyan Valley are public property, owned by the State of Afghanistan. However, large parts of the buffer zone are in private ownership. Many documents defining the ownership were destroyed during the decades of conflict and civil unrest, and are now being re-established. The State Law on the Protection of Historical and Cultural Properties (Ministry of Justice, May 21st 2004)is in force and provides the basis for financial and technical resources.

The management of the serial property is under the authority of the Ministry of Information and Culture (MoIC) and its relevant departments (Institute of Archaeology and the Department for the Preservation of Historical Monuments), as well as the Governor of the Bamiyan Province. The Ministry of Information and Culture has a provincial local office representative in Bamiyan. There are 8 guards specifically protecting the site against vandalism and looting, with additional resources provided by the Ministry of Interior in the form of a dedicated police contingent for the protection of cultural property (Police unit 012).

At present, the management system is provisional with help from the international community for the appropriate administrative, scientific and technical resources. Since 2003, UNESCO has been leading a three-phase safe-guarding plan for the property. Its focus has been to consolidate the Buddha niches, to safeguard the artefacts that survived the destruction of the Buddha statues and to render the site safe, notably by pursuing the complex de-mining operations at the site. A Management Plan for the property is under preparation with the objective to prepare and implement a programme for the protection, conservation and presentation of the Bamiyan Valley, to undertake exploration and excavation of the archaeological remains, and to prepare and implement a programme for sustainable cultural tourism in the Valley. The Governor of the Province is responsible for the implementation of a regional development plan, which includes rehabilitation of housing, provision of health and educational services, and development of infrastructure and agriculture.

In March 2011, it was concluded by Afghan officials and international experts at a meeting of the 9th Bamiyan Expert Working Group hosted by UNESCO that the World Heritage site is potentially ready to be removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger by 2013, pending continued progress in addressing security risks, the structural stability of the remains of the two giant Buddha sculptures and their niches, the conservation of the archaeological remains and mural paintings and implementation of the Management Plan.

The Greatest Games of All Time – Chrono Trigger

https://web.archive.org/web/20060610051222/http://www.gamespot.com/features/6147770/index.html

The Original Time Trotters
Chrono Trigger
Platform: Super NES | Genre: Role-Playing Game
Publisher: Squaresoft | Developer: Squaresoft | Released: 1995

As the 16-bit era waned and the world looked to the 3D graphics and CD storage of the next generation of consoles, who would've thought the era's heaviest hitter would release arguably its finest work to date on one of those very systems about to enter obsolescence? That's precisely what happened when role-playing titan SquareSoft delivered Chrono Trigger--an entirely original Super NES role-playing game of incredibly high quality--just days before the historic September 1995 launch of the PlayStation. Though the impact of Sony's entry into the video game market is still being felt today, Chrono Trigger's charming personality and top-notch gameplay kept many RPG fans clinging to their Super NESs months after the PlayStation came onto the scene.

Based on the enormity of Chrono Trigger's development pedigree, it's a wonder the game even came close to matching RPG fans' wild expectations. The project was helmed jointly by Hironobu Sakaguchi and Yuji Horii, respectively the creators and overseers of the Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest series (and if you don't know what those are, well, just quit reading now). Those two names alone assured every RPG fan in the know would look forward to Chrono Trigger with a quickened pulse.

But that wasn't nearly the end of the game's development "dream team," as it came to be called. Dragon Ball creator and longtime Dragon Quest character designer Akira Toriyama threw his artistic expertise into the ring, and famed Final Fantasy composer Nobuo Uematsu contributed to the game's splendid score. Even the lesser known members of the team went on to make names for themselves, such as writer Masato Kato and revered composer Yasunori Mitsuda, both of whom helped create Xenogears and its spiritual successor, the Xenosaga series.

Chrono Trigger's epic adventure put you in the middle of a valiant effort to save the world. Sounds like old hat for an RPG, right? But the game's sublimely rendered storyline spanned not just continents but epochs, as you visited and revisited the same locations in time periods hundreds, thousands, even millions of years apart. Events were woven into the storyline such that your actions in one time period had a direct and gratifying effect on circumstances in a later period. And the storyline had a natural flow. You didn't start out with power over time itself at your command; in fact, you didn't even start out planning to save the world. Rather, you were yanked into the game's larger-than-life events just by being an innocent bystander, and every time you discovered a new ability or were thrust into a new era, it was by the seat of your pants. You got the feeling you and your cohorts were being dragged along by the storyline's crazy goings on, but in true RPG fashion, you got the chance to rise to the occasion and prove your valor anyway.

At the outset, you took control of Crono, a spunky redheaded kid with little to say but a big heart all the same. Over the course of your adventure, you collected a diverse cast of characters from every time period, including Crono's present-day friends, princess Marle and Lucca the inventor; the futuristic tin-can Robo; Frog, the valorous, amphibious knight; and even the dark wizard Magus, who started out as the bad guy but turned out to be simply misunderstood. Ultimately you were fighting against Lavos, a malevolent alien parasite that had perverted the future and begun to suck the life from the planet, dooming the world to a horrible dystopian fate. As you progressed, the game played with the "silent protagonist" concept--which has become de rigueur in so many games since--to immerse you more fully in the game. Crono himself never spoke, and the other characters occasionally made light of this fact--but they certainly gabbed among themselves enough to make up for your main character's dramatic shortcomings.

Besides, Crono was the type to let his sword do all the talking. Though Square's RPGs had been cutting party size consistently--first five characters in Final Fantasy IV, then four in Final Fantasy VI, and finally a scant three in Chrono Trigger--there were plenty of offensive and defensive options available to your trio of fighters. In lieu of a vanilla magic system, you had a "tech" system that encompassed pure magical spells, physical special attacks, and hybrids of the two. The best part was that each of the seven playable characters could team up in tandem or even in triplicate to perform double techs and triple techs, compounding the number of available special attacks and sending your offensive power skyward. Some of Chrono Trigger's boss battles could drag on seemingly without end, so you needed all that power to get through some of the toughest fights.

Then there were the endings...all dozen of them. Chrono Trigger did the multiple-endings thing before multiple endings were cool, man. There was, of course, the "real" ending in which you saved the world, got the girl, and floated off into the sunset clinging to a balloon (and then there were a couple of variations on this theme). But one of the most interesting things about Chrono Trigger was that, since you were navigating so many places and time periods, you had a multitude of opportunities to "beat" the game, even with many of the plot's most important events yet to take place! This could potentially leave a character-in-distress in limbo, for instance, or leave another character in the wrong time period. In short, finishing the game early made for a host of bizarre or amusing alternate endings that were utterly different from the final ending and all worth viewing in their own right. Of course, any committed player considered these mock endings to be mere diversions, as you had to play through to the climactic final battle to get the closure only the full resolution could provide.

Chrono Trigger was a class act from every conceivable angle. It had dense, rewarding RPG gameplay; a memorable and endearing cast of characters; a complex storyline; vibrant, expressive graphics; and one of the most cherished game soundtracks in history. The game was widely hailed as an instant classic, and really, how many 16-bit Japanese RPGs can claim such unlikely characters as Doom cocreators John Romero and Tom Hall among their staunchest fans? Chrono Trigger was later released on the PlayStation in a standalone package and then in the Final Fantasy Chronicles collection, though the cartridge original remains the definitive version. But whatever format you have access to, anyone who has an interest in quality gaming owes it to themselves to play Chrono Trigger. 

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